Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as \u201cthe activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large .\u201d If you read the definition closely, you see that there are four activities, or components, of marketing:<\/p>\n
The traditional way of viewing the components of marketing is via the four Ps:<\/p>\n
Introduced in the early 1950s, the four Ps were called the marketing mix, meaning that a marketing plan is a mix of these four components.<\/p>\n
If the four Ps are the same as creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging, you might be wondering why there was a change. The answer is that they are not exactly the same. Product, price, place, and promotion are nouns. As such, these words fail to capture all the activities of marketing. For example, exchanging requires mechanisms for a transaction, which consist of more than simply a price or place. Exchanging requires, among other things, the transfer of ownership. For example, when you buy a car, you sign documents that transfer the car\u2019s title from the seller to you. That\u2019s part of the exchange process.<\/p>\n
Even the term product, which seems pretty obvious, is limited. Does the product include services that come with your new car purchase (such as free maintenance for a certain period of time on some models)? Or does the product mean only the car itself?<\/p>\n
Finally, none of the four Ps describes particularly well what marketing people do. However, one of the goals of this book is to focus on exactly what it is that marketing professionals do.<\/p>\n
Value<\/p>\n
Value is at the center of everything marketing does (Figure 1.1). What does value mean?<\/p>\n
Marketing is composed of four activities centered on customer value: creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging value.<\/p>\n
When we use the term value, we mean the benefits buyers receive that meet their needs. In other words, value is what the customer gets by purchasing and consuming a company\u2019s offering. So, although the offering is created by the company, the value is determined by the customer.<\/p>\n
Furthermore, our goal as marketers is to create a profitable exchange for consumers. By profitable, we mean that the consumer\u2019s personal value equation is positive. The personal value equation is value = benefits received \u2013 [price + hassle]<\/p>\n
Hassle is the time and effort the consumer puts into the shopping process. The equation is a personal one because how each consumer judges the benefits of a product will vary, as will the time and effort he or she puts into shopping. Value, then, varies for each consumer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"