{"id":12316,"date":"2022-07-06T04:05:39","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T04:05:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.booksofall.com\/ru\/?post_type=product&p=12316"},"modified":"2022-07-11T07:23:17","modified_gmt":"2022-07-11T07:23:17","slug":"emma-goldmans-anarchism-without-adjectives","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/www.booksofall.com\/ru\/emma-goldmans-anarchism-without-adjectives\/","title":{"rendered":"Emma Goldman\u2019s \u201cAnarchism Without Adjectives\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

In 2011, over 100 years after the publication of her seminal\u00a0Anarchism and Other Essays<\/em>, the writings of Emma Goldman entered the public domain. Kathy E. Ferguson, Professor of Political Science and Women’s Studies at the University of Hawai’i, provides an introduction to Goldman’s life and her particular brand of anarchism.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n

Emma Goldman<\/a> was a well-known radical critic of capitalism, the state, religion, patriarchy and colonialism during the fertile political years at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. For over a half century, she articulated an anarchist vision of a strong, free, self-creating individual within an egalitarian, participatory society. While anarchists are often dismissed as the lunatic fringe of the Left, Goldman presented anarchism as the most practical approach to human liberation. She emphasized concrete and creative anarchist activities, including cooperatives, radical schools, labor actions, and publications, which showed anarchism in action.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n

Goldman was born in Kovno, Lithuania, into an economically insecure Jewish family. Her brief formal education was enhanced by exposure to nihilist revolutionaries and Russian radical literature. Immigrating with her sister to the United States in 1885, she settled originally in Rochester, New York. Like many young people of her generation, she was galvanized politically by the trial and execution of several young anarchists who were framed for the killing of police at the Haymarket riots in Chicago in 1886. She subsequently moved to New York City and joined the anarchist movement, rapidly rising to become one of the best known speakers in the lively radical landscape of the time. She was arrested countless times \u2013 legend has it that she took a book with her to her own lectures so she would have something to read in jail \u2013 and served three terms in prison: one year for urging unemployed workers to \u201ctake bread,\u201d a few weeks for providing information on preventing conception, and two years for opposing conscription during World War I. After her third prison term, she and her comrade Alexander Berkman, along with 247 other radicals, were sent into exile to the newly-formed U.S.S.R. Initially supporting the Bolsheviks, she soon came to view the Communist Party as the murderers of the revolution. She and Berkman left Russia and eventually settled in the south of France. Goldman continued her lecturing and writing in Europe, England, and Canada; she strongly supported the anarchist revolutionaries in Spain in the 1930s, and was still an active speaker, writer and agitator when she died following a stroke in 1940.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n

Strongly influenced by Peter Kropotkin\u2019s communist anarchism<\/a>, Goldman also integrated strands from Mikail Bakunin\u2019s militant revolutionary practice, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon\u2019s mutualism, and Max Stirner\u2019s radical individualism, helping to create what many anarchists of Goldman\u2019s generation called \u201canarchism without adjectives.\u201d For anarchists, capitalism is a system that robs workers, intellectuals, artists, and peasants of their productive, creative labor, transferring both profit and control of labor to owners. Organized religion supports this theft by teaching adherents to defer to authority and hope passively for reward in the next life. The state uses organized violence to protect owners, suppress workers, and mobilize people\u2019s loyalties and sense of home into a vicious, narrow patriotism that justifies and energizes war, which in turn furthers the profits and power of the capitalist class and its allies. Colonialism calls on the religious mandate of \u201ccivilizing\u201d and converting the rest of the world to justify seizing the resources of less well-armed societies for global capitalist expansion. Schools undermine children\u2019s natural curiosity and turn students into automatons regurgitating the orthodoxies they are taught.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n

Into this sweeping critique of established authority, Goldman introduced the aesthetic sensibility of the American romantic movement, Nietzsche\u2019s spirit of rebellion, and her own unique feminism. From Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau she absorbed a poetic, sensuous individualism. Like many other anarchists of her day, she emphasized the centrality of radical art, poetry, literature and drama to the emergence of free individuals. She was one of the first anarchists to become enthusiastic about Nietzsche, embracing him as a catalyst for a spiritual transvaluation of values. While she scorned the women\u2019s suffrage movement, seeing any effort to reform rather than transform society as a useless distraction from more radical goals, she developed a revolutionary feminism that anticipated many themes prevalent in the later women\u2019s movements. She focused her feminism on women\u2019s bodies, demanding that women control their own reproduction, find their own sexual autonomy, claim equality in relations with men, and work with men to overthrow the prevailing authorities and create new relations of equality and freedom.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"